Sultans of the Ottoman biography

It is believed that the Osman dynasty was founded at the beginning of the XIV century. Legends tell about more old events, although scientists know sources that report the times when the ancestors of the glorious family appeared in the historical arena. Such documents include the Turkish chronicles of Ashik Pasha-Zade and the works of Byzantine John Kantakuzin. According to their information, one of the Turkmen leaders Ertogrul, along with his father, Shah Suleiman, brothers and fellow tribesmen, arrived in Anatoly from Turkmenistan in E GG.

XIII century. Perhaps the cause of migration was the attacks of the Mongols. A few years later, the father and brothers decided to return to their native lands. During the crossing through Efrat, Shah Suleiman drowned. Ertogrul and his tribe remained in Anatolia. Ertogrul turned to the sultan of the Seljuki Aladdin Kekubad II to give them land for nomads and pastures.

Aladdin commanded them to settle near Ankara, and later also granted them the lands of land in the city of the city in the north-western Anatolia. In g. One of their main goals, their rulers, and then subjects, proclaimed the struggle with the infidels - Gazavat, as well as the seizure of new lands. Bailik Osman quickly became one of the most powerful and subjugated the neighboring Karesi.

Of great importance for the process of formation and unification of the state was religion. The movement of the Gazyev tour. After the fall of the Seljuk sultanate, when the Mongols inflicted a crushing defeat in the year in the year and subjugated Anatoly, the crowds of Gazyev poured into the western borders of the country. Gaziy was the Sultan Osman I called the BEM. Soon the Ottomans subjugated other Beiliki of Western Anatolia, after which they went to the central part of this area, capturing Ankira's ancient name in the year Ankara.

Having mastered the main Byzantine cities of Asia Minor - in the year of Bursa, which became the first capital of the Ottoman Empire, in the year. Nicaeus is currently the Iznik, in the same year by Nicomedia a modern world - they went to the possessions of Byzantium in the Balkans. In the year, Adrianopol fell, who received the Turkish name Edirne. In the same period, members of various Sufi brotherhoods massively migrated from the eastern and central Anatolia to the west of the country and beyond.

They occupied the lands left by the Byzantines, founded monasteries, conducted active propaganda activities aimed at the Islamization and assimilation of the Turkmen nomads, as well as that part of the Byzantine population that remained on their lands. One of the most active Sufi brotherhoods was Achilee. Sheikh of the Brotherhood, Edebali, was a teacher and adviser to the Sultan Osman I himself.

The fraternities of Kalendry and Bektashi also played an important role in the Islamization of the Ottomans of the Land. Sultan Osman I Gazi, the son of a leader of a small tribe, who lived in a strategically important territory, from where it was handed over to Byzantium, and across the sea - to the Balkans. Rules in years. He was buried in Bursa, in the tomb facing Constantinople and the Muslim pilgrimage center.

Entering the throne, all the Turkish sultans made a prayer that was ... Epitaph on the grave of Osman, who called for being as virtuous as he, and decorate the earth, encouraging justice. Sultan Orhan, the youngest son of Osman, whom the first Sultan called his successor, ruled in years. He completed the seizure from the Byzantines of the neighboring regions of Asia Minor, established the regular "new army" "Yeni Cheri" - hence the Russian "Janissaries" and, through Dardanella, crossed to the European coast, becoming the pioneer of the Ottoman Empire in Europe.

With him, the population increased to thousands - from the riders that his father had. And if Osman - as a tribal leader - rallied the people around him, then Orhan converted this people into the state. Sultan Murad I-the last of the three founding fathers, along with Osman and Orhan, ruled in years. He exalted the state to the level of the empire and became the first great Sultan in Europe.

Having conquered the Adrianopol from the Greeks, he transferred his capital from Asia, won part of Bulgaria, broke the Serbs in an “epic-memory” battle on Kosovo Field, but he himself was killed by Serbu, who pretended to be a defector. A illiterate person who fastened the agreements instead of signature by a fingerprint of his finger, he was distinguished by amazing relief, as personally testified to the Orthodox patriarch, provided foreigners with citizenship and equal opportunities with Muslims, while remaining a true defender of Islam.

The Sultan Bayazid I was the lightning rod was proclaimed by the Sultan in the year and ruled up to a year. The first thing he did over his father’s dead body was ordered to strangle his brother Yakub. It was he who introduced fratricide at the imperial level in practice, firmly rooted in the Ottoman boorr as a means of eliminating competitors who have the right to apply for the throne of competitors.Muslim authors indicate that "a Christian-sultanch from the Serbian sovereign house taught Bayazid ...

luxuriously feast and have fun with the help of wine ... The Byzantine corruption introduced him to unnatural habits ..." He conquered vast territories in the Balkans and in Malaya Asia, and was crushed by the crusaders and it was manufactured by a lethal Blow on Byzantium: capture Constantinople. In the year, the Turks subjected the capital of Byzantium the siege. It lasted more than six years.

The ambitious Bayazid I was frantic and, most likely, would have taken Constantinople. However, a terrible blow from the east fell upon him: Tamerlane’s troops defeated the Turks near Ankara, and Bayazid himself was captivated. Without taking humiliation and suffering, he died eight months later, according to some reports, he committed suicide: he was poisoned. Sultan Mehmed I Chelebi Knights, defeating the long internecine struggle of his brothers, was finally elevated to the throne as a sultan in the year and ruled before.

The Janissaries supported him - "the most fair and most virtuous of the Ottoman princes." He differed from his father with a strict disposition and judgment. He managed to support the empire, which was shaken after the captivity of his father and again start conquering campaigns: for the Turkish sultans, to rule meant to conquer. Sultan Murad II rules from for a year. He strengthened the unity of the Ottoman state, suppressing the internal civil strife.

In order to avert the threat of Byzantium and confront the Ottomans, Papa Eugene IV called for a crusad of Christians against Muslims, although Murad II was not their ardent enemy: married, like his grandfather Bayazid I, on the Slav, the daughter of the Serbian king, he provided his wife with freedom of religion; Greek writers enthusiastically responded about the breadth of his views.

Murad agreed to the unprofitable world, which the crusaders hung up with an oath on the Gospel, and he on the Qur'an. But soon the papal legate Cesarini urged the crusaders to break it, since it was given to the wrong one and therefore not mandatory for Christian conscience. However, in the battle of Varna, the knights were defeated, and this victory of Murad II, according to historians, completely suppressed the energy of Europe.

From now on, until the end of the 16th century, the whole history of Ottomans is entirely only victories and conquests. The Sultan Mehmed II is the conqueror, the years of government and for the first time he “sprinkled” for long - Murad II, the father, who lost his throne, was supposed to return to the throne, since the fourteen -year -old son Mehmed insisted on the unreasonable plan of the conquest of Constantinople.

But five years later, after his father died of an apoplexy blow, Mehmed II finally could begin his plan - the siege of the Byzantine capital. On the morning of May 29, Constantinople fell. For three days he was looted with extraordinary cruelty. Over the centuries, the capture of the capital of Christians was considered a sacred dream of a faithful Muslim, now it was finally fulfilled.

Mehmed II transferred here the capital of the Ottoman Empire, and the temple of St. Sofia ordered to convert to the main Turkish mosque. Having renamed the city to Istanbul, Mehmed II, whose indifference to human life has entered the proverb, demanded that, along with the ulets, representatives of the Islamic spiritual power, in Istanbul, the residence of the Patriarch of the Greek Orthodox Church, the Patriarch of Armenians and the main rabbin of the Jews.

This sultan also committed the vassal autonomy of Serbia, turning it into a regular province Pashalyk, conquered Bosnia, annexed the Crimean khanate, fought with the Latins and almost captured Rome, but death prevented this. Mehmed II The conqueror died in a military camp near Goebz on May 3 of the year. He was buried in Istanbul, in the mosque Fatih, built on his orders.

By his will, the following epitaph was drawn at the grave: "I intend to capture Rhodes and subjugate Italy." He wrote poetry under the pseudonym Avny Hunter, the first of the Sultans was a real poetic sofa. Sultan Bayazid II Holy Rules for a year, suppressing the claims of his brother, who proposed to divide the empire. He fought little, was the first Sultan to personally command the army, and went down in history as the patron saint of culture and literature.

Nevertheless, it was he who removed as “obscene” all the works of the Venetian Gentile Bellini, decorating the internal apartments of Seral, built by the father of this iconoclast. He wrote poetry under the pseudonym led the saint. Haded from the throne in favor of the youngest son Selim and died while traveling on the way to his homeland. He won the Kurdistan and Western Armenia with the Persians, and the Mamluks - Syria with Palestine and Jerusalem, Arabia with Mecca and Medina, Egypt - thus increased by less than 10 years the Ottoman Empire increased.

He transported the banner and cloak of the Prophet Muhammad to Istanbul, thereby arguing that he received the right to manage the entire Islamic world. Sultan Selim I wrote poetry under the pseudonym Selimi Right, his Persian sofa, including gazelles, was published in the year by order of the German emperor Wilhelm II.Sultan Suleiman I Kanuni, known as Suleiman, in the European tradition - Suleiman Great, Great, Rules from for a year, significantly expanded the limits of the Ottoman Empire, which now extended from Budapest on the Danube to Assuan and the Nile thresholds and from the Euphrates and Tiger, Baghdad and Georgia - almost to the Gibraltar Strait.

Like Alexander of Macedon, he dreamed of uniting the lands and peoples of the East and West. And this required certain reforms-administrative, military, criminal, taxation, education "Multek-ul-Ul-uls" "The merger of the sea"-due to its oceanic dimensions that existed until the reforms of the twentieth century. For the past twenty years, it has been under the influence of his favorite of Roxolana, who managed to become the legitimate wife of the Sultan, which none of the concubines for the past two centuries could achieve.

Suleiman the magnificent wrote poetry under the pseudonym Muhibby Loving, in the field of artistic creativity he is considered the most prolific Sultan - he wrote gazelles. Having headed the campaign to Hungary, Suleiman did not live to win. His death was hidden - the Office of the Empire continued without the Sultan, but on his behalf, until his son, Selim, from which the era of the decline of the empire began on the throne, did not enter the throne.

Sultan Selim II Drunkard, years of reign, a kind and educated, talented poet who wrote exquisite poems, he added to guilt, idle pastime and did not care about the empire. With him, the interests of Muscovy and Turkey for the first time came into a clash - in the Azov and Astrakhan region. The great vizier even began the construction of the Volga-Don Canal, which was supposed to combine the Black and Caspian Seas.

The only acquisition of Sultan Selime II is the island of Cyprus, but a major defeat in the sea battle of Lepanto became the very happy for the Christian world during the day, when all the nations were freed from their error - faith in the invincibility of the Turks. They ceased to cause horror in Europe and the prestige of their military power was irrevocably undermined.

And the Sultan Selim II, having drunk a billet of Cyprus wine in the bathhouse, slipped, fell, hit his head on the marble slabs and died. Sultan Murad III, who ruled the years, began by ordering his five brothers; He was exorbitantly alchen to numerous concubines, covering more than a hundred children; Each official appointment in the empire had its own tariff, and the Sultan personally was involved in corruption, and "corruption destroys the empire", as one of its favorites claimed.

However, this could not stop the process of decline of the empire, especially since the Sultan did not engage in the management of impeats, the administrative side of the matter suffered, the flaws of land policy were revealed, etc. He came up with astronomical mechanical hours with the possibility of installing a signal for the required time. He was interested in optics, he investigated vision, reflection and refraction, and in addition - the structure of light, the property of permeability and the dependence between light and color.

In his research, the scientist used the telescope.