Biography Logic

Teacher, associate professor. The first education engineer, in the second, is a journalist. Candidate of Technical Sciences. Today, having seen the Fuzzy Logic nameplate on the newly purchased refrigerator, washing machine or in the automotive engine control system, few will be surprised. And advanced users will even be happy. Still: after all, this means that the refrigerator can adjust the power of the freezer depending on the load.

In the same way, the machine will itself choose the washing mode taking into account the material and pollution of the linen, and the engine will not let you down even in the most extreme conditions. Surprisingly, half a century ago, the unclear logic, which underlies all these wonderful technologies, did not cause any enthusiasm even among professionals. Many mathematicians and ITSHNI have been skeptical about her, and her author Lottfi Zade, during the first publication, even seriously risked an academic career.

However, let's get acquainted with our hero and his ideas in more detail. Moreover, his biography was quite original from the very beginning. His father was a journalist from Iran. Mother, a doctor by education, fled from Odessa because of the pogroms of the year. Even in childhood, the boy manifested great abilities for mathematics, love of accurate sciences and engineering.

Having received primary education at a Russian school in Baku, in the year Zade, along with his family, he moved to his father’s homeland. Here, the future scientist graduated from the American College in Tehran, and then the University of Electrotechnical Engineering. After receiving the diploma, he organized a business on the supply of equipment for American troops with his father - the Second World War by that time was in full swing.

In the year, Lotfi decided to move to the United States. He knew four languages ​​perfectly: Azerbaijani, Russian, Farsi and English. This largely formed his life and scientific worldview. In an interview, he described himself as "an American, a mathematically oriented electrical engineer of Iranian origin, born in Russia." Image source: Wikimedia Commons “The question is not that American, Russian, Iranian, Azerbaijani or someone else.

All these people and cultures formed me, and I feel quite comfortable among them. ” At the end of his studies, he got a job at Columbia University in New York. I wanted to be closer to my parents, to help them. ” Lotfi Zade also began his academic career.

At first, Lotfi became a simple teacher, then defended his thesis and for 10 years he grown to the title of professor. In the year, the legendary Norbert Wiener, the founder of cybernetics and the theory of artificial intelligence became interested in scientific publications of the promising scientist. He wrote a letter to me and offered a job at the University of California in Berkeley.

” Lotfi Zade already in the year Zade became the head of the Department of Electrical Engineering. Realizing the prospects of it, he changed its name by adding a specialization of Computer Science. So Berkeley became the first university in the world with a special science specialist. It was here that the scientist created his unusual theory. Lotfi Zade with his mother Feiga and Fay wife in the USA, San Francisco, the year of the shadows of the fuzzy sets of Zada ​​felt that the existing mathematical instruments were not able to describe the reality that people face in everyday life.

This idea formed the basis of the theory of unclear sets. ” Lotfi Zade Quote: IEEE SIGNAL Processing Magazine so that computers could solve intellectual problems, it was necessary to teach them to understand ambiguous terms like “rich”, “young”, “tall”, “warm” and so on. For this, it was necessary to fundamentally change the mathematical idea of ​​the set, that is, the set of elements that existed for hundreds of years.

We will analyze this problem in more detail. In our speech, we often operate on many, without even suspecting it. For example, when we call someone young, we formally divide all of humanity into “young” and “not young” people. And thus we consider the character under discussion to the many “young”. Zade understood that in the real world the age, temperature, wealth and most other evaluative categories that we operate have fuzzy boundaries.

Almost always there are transitional forms in which a person can be “not very young”, the air in the room “slightly warm” and so on. But how to explain this soulless car? The scientist proposed to introduce the concept of partial entry of the element into many, the depth of which can be measured in the range from 0 completely does not belong to 1 completely belongs.

This parameter Zade called the “degree of belonging”. Now in the language of mathematics it was possible to write down that a person enters many “young” with a degree of affiliation of 0.7 or the temperature corresponds to the “warm” set with a degree of 0.2. Lotfi compared the outlines of such sets with the shadows that objects cast on the walls. He called these sets “odd”, applying the English word Fuzzy, denoting something foggy and vague.

A visual comparison of the usual A and unclear in the set.I believe that my work would not be published, if I were not an employee of the editorial board. ” Lotfi Zade Quote: IJCC to be safe, the scientist also transferred work into Russian and sent it to the Soviet journal “Problems of information transmission”. From the fuzzy sets to the fuzzy logic for many years, Lotfi Zade worked on his idea so that on its base it was possible to program the logic of the work of various devices and systems.

He admitted that since the year all his work was associated only with the theory of unclear sets and unclear logic. In the United States, at first, Zad was really cooled. However, this did not stop the scientist. He popularized his ideas in Europe and Asian countries. Many times he performed at scientific conferences in the Soviet Union, where he freely communicated with colleagues in Russian.

For example, the linguistic variable “temperature” can have three basic values: “cold”, “warm”, “hot”. Each of these meanings is described by an unclear set, for which it is necessary to determine the function of a mathematical expression that defines the degree of belonging. The basic set of values ​​can be expanded by introducing transitional concepts like “very warm” or “not very cold”.

Functions of belonging are depicted in the form of graphs. In our example, by the value of a temperature measured by a thermometer of 17 degrees, it is possible to determine the degree of its belonging to the multiple of “heat” equal to 0.2, and at the same time the degree of belonging to the multiple “cold”, equal to 0.8 image: Skillbox media later developed techniques that allow us to work with linguistic changes, like programmers, work with ordinary logical Boolean variables.

Denial is realized by subtracting the meaning of truth from the unit. For example, if the statement is “cold” truly at 0.6, then the result of the notes “cold” can be recorded as “not cold” will have a degree of truth 0.4. The table that determines the rules for performing basic logical operations and, not, NOT above the frenzy Fuzzy Image: Skillbox Media using these logical operations, the developers of computing systems were able to compile and program sets of basic rules, familiar to each programmer in the form of if - Then.

Firstly, the opportunity to reason and make rational decisions on the basis of indefinite, incomplete and contradictory information. And, secondly, the ability to perform various tasks without accurate measurements and calculations. ” Lotfi Zade Quote: Information Sciences due to these developments, the attitude to the fuzzy logic has improved significantly. Over the 20 years of Zade’s research and his scientists, the scientists were able to turn an idea that at first in a dubious, in a harmonious and consistent theory, supported by many theoretical layouts.

Paradoxically, one of the main achievements of the fuzzy logic is its ability to formally determine what is inaccurate. ” Lotfi Zade train and engines with an unclear control of Zade assumed that the logic he proposed would be in demand primarily in the social and humanities. Lotfi Zade Quote: Information Sciences, however, his theory has found wide practical application in the technical sphere, which the scientist was pleasantly surprised.

In the year, Professor Ebrahim Mamdani from the University of London for the first time demonstrated a working, unclear system for managing steam engine. This became possible thanks to the method of introducing fuzziness into the control system he invented. The problem that the British scientist decided was that computing devices are fundamentally not designed to process unclear information.

And then it gives out control influences, decorated in the form of clear numerical commands for example, turn on the fan at revolutions per minute. Further, the unclear system works as follows: phasesification. Converts all input values ​​into faint functions of belonging. An unclear logical conclusion. On the basis of the rules stored in memory, it calculates an unclear weekend.

It transforms unclear results into a clear weekend that are used to control the system. Japanese professor Michio Sugeno in the middle of the X proposed his own, somewhat different from the Mamdani method, a variant of the algorithm aimed at solving the same problem. The Sugeno model was first used in artificial intelligence, driving cars, and then - high -speed trains.

A significant milestone was the metro system in the city of Sendai - a system based on unclear logic. It was introduced in the year and is considered very successful. ” Lotfi Zade almost all the fuzzy systems created in the future work in accordance with the models of Mamdani or Sugeno. What can make an unclear logic and which in the 10ths cannot be widely used in various management systems - from complex production processes to household appliances.

Many devices appeared on the market, on the housing of which the inscription “Fuzzy Logic” flaunts, which has become a kind of symbol of AI. Washing machines are widespread, in the control systems of which are used unclear logic. With its help, AI analyzes such factors as the volume of linen, the type of powder, the level of pollution, and selects the optimal washing mode from more than possible options.

Perhaps your camera is equipped with a fuzzy image stabilization system, and the refrigerator and air conditioning also work on Fuzzy-algorithms. Lotfi Zade in Berkeley poses against the background of a rack with books on fuzzy logic, year photo: University of California, Berkeley in cars of Zade's ideas are used to monitor and detect faults, as well as in automatic “boxes” for a smooth and timely gear switch.

In robotics, unclear logic allows Androids to imitate human behavior, find the way and avoid obstacles. As Lotfi Zade suggested, the fuzzy principles also found their application in the humanities: in sociology, in education - to assess knowledge, in the economy - for forecasts for markets and investments. On the basis of fuzzy logic, expert systems are created that can imitate the reasoning of specialists in medicine, business, personnel management, security and emergency response.

The worked out theory and the availability of software products that allow us to relatively easily operate with unchangedness, contributed to the fact that Fuzzy logic has become a popular topic of scientific research. However, unclear logic has disadvantages. The main of them - the rules should be built on the basis of expert knowledge.