Newton Astronomy biography
Home Newton Isaac Newton Isaac 4. was born in Woolstorpe. He graduated from Cambridge University B - headed the department in it. C - caretaker, C - Director of the Mint. Work relate to mechanics, optics, astronomy, mathematics. He formulated the basic laws of classical mechanics, discovered the law of universal gravity, a dispersion of light, developed a corpuscular theory of light, developed, independently of Leibniz, differential and integral calculus.
Having summarized the results of the research of his predecessors in the field of mechanics and his own, he created a huge work “mathematical principles of natural philosophy” “Principles”, published in immediately his law of universal gravity, based on which Newton explained the movement of heavenly bodies of planets, their satellites, comets and created the theory of gravity. The opening of this law was marked by the transition from the kinematic description of the solar system to the dynamic explanation of the phenomena and finally approved the victory of the teachings of Copernicus.
He showed that three Kepler laws arise from the law of universal gravity; explained the features of the movement of the moon, the phenomenon of the precession; He developed the theory of the figure of the Earth, noting that it should be compressed at the poles, the theory of tides and castings; I considered the problem of creating an artificial Earth's satellite, etc.
He established the law of resistance and the basic law of internal friction in liquids and gases, gave a formula for the speed of spreading waves. He created a physical picture of the world, which for a long time dominated in science by the Newtonian theory of space and time. He considered space and time to be absolute, postulating it in his "basis." With such an understanding of space and time, his idea of far action is closely connected - instant transmission of the action from one body to another to a distance through empty space without the help of matter.
The Newtonian theory of far action and its scheme of the world dominated before the beginning of the 20th century. For the first time, her limitedness was discovered by M. Faraday and J. Maxwell, showing her inconsistency to electromagnetic phenomena, and the theory of relativity that arose at the beginning of the 20th century. However, the special theory of relativity did not discard the laws established by Newton's classical mechanics at all, but only clarified and complemented it for the case of movement at speeds that are commensurate with the speed of light in vacuum.
Einstein, - occupied the theory of fields, experienced changes and its laws, but everything that was created after Newton is a further organic development of his ideas and methods. ” Newton's contribution to the optics is great. In with the help of a trihedral glass prism, he laid white light into seven colors into a spectrum, thereby proved its complexity the appearance of dispersion, discovered chromatic aberration.
Trying to avoid aberration in telescopes, in and in constructed a telescope-reflector of the original system-a mirror reflective, where instead of a lens was used a concave spherical mirror of Newton's telescope. He studied the interference and diffraction of light, studying the colors of thin records, discovered the so -called Newton's rings, established patterns in their placement, expressed the idea of the frequency of the light process.
He tried to explain double radiation and came close to the discovery of the phenomenon of polarization. The light considered the Corkskul-the corpuscular theory of Newton's Light, however, at different stages, he considered the possibility of the existence and wave properties of the light, in particular, he made an attempt to create a compromise corpuscular wave theory of light.
In his "optics", in his worldview, Newton was presented his optical studies, the second after R. Newton's scientific work played an extremely important role in the history of physics. According to A. Einstein, “Newton was the first who tried to formulate elementary laws that determine the temporary course of a wide class of processes in nature with a high degree of completeness and accuracy” and “a unit of force in the international system of units - Newton is named in his honor.
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