According to Freud, biography

Biography Biography Sigmund Freud - the creator of the direction, which gained fame under the name of deep psychology and psychoanalysis, was born on May 6 in G. in a large family there were 8 children, but only Sigmund was distinguished by its exceptional abilities, an amazingly sharp mind and passion for reading. Therefore, parents sought to create the best conditions for him.

If other children taught the lessons by candlelight, then Sigmund allocated a kerosene lamp. So that the children did not bother him, they did not allow them to play music with him. He graduated from a gymnasium with honors at the age of 17 and entered the famous Vienna University at the Faculty of Medicine. Vienna was then the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, its cultural and intellectual center.

Outstanding professors taught at the university. Studying at the university, Freud entered the Student Union to study history, politics, philosophy in the future affected its concepts for the development of culture. But the natural sciences were of particular interest to him, the achievements of which made a real revolution in the minds in the middle of the last century, laying the foundation of modern knowledge about the body, about living nature.

In the great discoveries of this era - the law of conservation of energy and the law of the evolution of the organic world established by Darwin - Freud drew the conviction that scientific knowledge is knowledge of the causes of phenomena under the strict control of experience. Freud relied on both laws when he later moved to the study of human behavior.

He represented the body as a kind of apparatus, charged with energy, which is discharged either in normal or in pathological reactions. Unlike physical devices, the body is a product of the evolution of the whole human race and the life of an individual individual. These principles applied to the psyche. It was also considered, firstly, from the angle of the energy of the energy resources of the personality, serving the "fuel" of its actions and experiences, and secondly, from the angle of the development of this person, which carries the memory of both the childhood of all mankind and their own childhood.

Freud, thus, was brought up on the principles and ideals of accurate, experienced natural science - physics and biology. He was not limited to the description of the phenomena, but was looking for their causes and laws, this approach is known by the name of determinism, and in all the subsequent work Freud is determinant. He followed these ideals when he moved to the field of psychology.

His teacher was an outstanding European physiologist Ernst Truski. Under his leadership, student Freud worked at the Vienna Physiological Institute, sitting for many hours by a microscope. Under old age, being a worldwide recognized psychologist, he wrote to one of his friends that he was never as happy as in the years spent in the laboratories to study the device of the nerve cells of the spinal cord of animals.

Freud retained the ability to work at the next decades for the next decades. He intended to become a professional scientist. But the trouser had no vacant place at the physiological institute. Meanwhile, Freud's financial situation worsened. Difficulties were aggravated in connection with the upcoming marriage to as poor as he, Marta is more faithful. Science had to leave and look for livelihood.

There was one way out - to become a practitioner, although he did not experience any gravity to this profession. He decided to engage in private practice as a neuropathologist. To do this, first I had to go to work in the clinic, since he did not have medical experience. In the clinic, Freud thoroughly masters the methods of diagnosing and treating children with the affected brain of patients with children's paralysis, as well as various impaired aphasia speech.

His publications about this become known in scientific and medical circles. Freud acquires a reputation as a highly qualified neuropathologist. He treated his patients with the methods of physiotherapy at that time. It was believed that since the nervous system is a material organ, the painful changes that occur in it must have material reasons. Therefore, they should be eliminated through physical procedures, acting on the patient with heat, water, electricity, etc.

Very soon, however, Freud began to experience dissatisfaction with these physiotherapeutic procedures. The effectiveness of treatment left much to be desired, and he thought about the possibility of applying other methods, in particular hypnosis, using which some doctors sought good results. One of these successfully practicing doctors was Joseph Breer, who began to patronize the young Freud in everything, they jointly discussed the causes of diseases of his patients and the prospects for treatment.

The patients who turned to them were mainly women who suffered from hysteria. The disease was manifested in various symptoms - fears of phobias, loss of sensitivity, aversion to food, a split personality, hallucinations, spasms, etc.Applying a slight hypnosis, an inspired state, similar to sleep, Breyer and Freud asked their patients to talk about events that once accompanied the appearance of symptoms of the disease.

It turned out that when the patient managed to recall this and “speak out”, the symptoms at least for a while disappeared. Breyer called this effect the ancient Greek word "catharsis" purification. Ancient philosophers used this word to designate the experiences caused by a person with the perception of works of art of music, tragedy. It was assumed that these works cleanse the soul of the affects overshadowing it, thereby bringing "harmless joy".

This term was transferred from aesthetics to psychotherapy. Behind the concept of catharsis, a hypothesis was covered, according to which the symptoms of the disease arise due to the fact that the patient had previously experienced a tense, affectively colored attraction to any action. Symptoms of fears, cramps, etc. The energy of attraction is discharged in a perverted form, as if "stuck" in organs that begin to work abnormally.

Therefore, it was assumed that the main task of the doctor is to force the patient to survive the depressed attraction again and thereby give the energy of neuropsychic energy another direction, namely, to transfer it to the channel of Catharsis, to discharge the suppressed attraction of the doctor about him. In this version about the injured patient and therefore supplanted from consciousness, affectively colored memories, the deliverance from which the medical effect gives the disorders of movements, sensitivity is restored, etc.

First of all, the idea to which Freud invariably returned. Conflict relations between consciousness and unconscious, but violating the normal course of behavior by mental states were clearly awarded to the forefront.

The fact that behind the threshold of consciousness are closely closely impressions, memories, ideas that can influence his work have long been known to philosophers and psychologists. The new moments on which the thought of Breyer and Freud delayed, firstly, the resistance that the consciousness has an unconscious, as a result of which diseases of the senses and movements arise up to temporary paralysis, and secondly, appeals to the means to relieve this resistance, first to hypnosis, and then to the so -called "free associations", which are discussed further.

Hypnosis weakened control of consciousness, and sometimes completely removed it. This facilitated the solution of the problem that Breer and Freud set the problem with the hypnotized patient- to “pour out the soul” in the story about the experiences crowded out of consciousness. The French doctors were especially successfully used, to study the experience of which Freud for several months went to Paris to the famous neurologist of Charcot now his name has been preserved in connection with one of the physiotherapeutic procedures - the so -called Sharko shower.

It was a wonderful doctor nicknamed Napoleon of Neurozov. He was treated by the majority of royal families in Europe. Freud, a young Viennese doctor, joined a large crowd of trainees, who constantly accompanied the celebrity during the detours of the patients and with their treatment sessions with hypnosis. The case helped Freud get closer to Charcot, to which he turned to a proposal to transfer his lectures into German.

These lectures stated that the cause of hysteria, like any other diseases, should be sought only in physiology, in violation of the normal functioning of the body, the nervous system. In one of the conversations with Freud, Sharko noted that the source of oddities in the behavior of the neurotic lurks in the features of his sexual activity. This observation sunk into the head of Freud, especially since he himself, and other doctors faced the dependence of nervous diseases on sexual factors.

A few years later, under the impression of these observations and assumptions, Freud put forward a postulate that gave all his subsequent concepts, no matter what psychological problems they concern, a special coloring and forever combined his name with the idea of ​​omnipotence of sexuality in all human affairs. This idea of ​​the role of sexual attraction as the main engine of people's behavior, their history and culture gave Freudism a specific coloring, firmly associated it with ideas that reduces all the countless diversity of manifestations of life to direct or disguised intervention of sexual forces.

Such an approach, designated by the term "Pansexualism", converted to Freud in many Western countries of vast popularity - moreover, far beyond the boundaries of psychology. In this principle, they began to see a kind of universal key to all human problems. As already mentioned, Breyer and Freud came to the clinic after several years of work in a physiological laboratory.

Both were natural scientists to the brain of bones and, before engaged in medicine, have already gained fame for their discoveries in the field of physiology of the nervous system.Therefore, in their medical practice, they, in contrast to ordinary embossing doctors, were guided by the theoretical ideas of advanced physiology. At that time, the nervous system was considered as an energy machine.

Breyer and Freud thought in terms of nervous energy. They assumed that its balance in the body is disrupted by a neurosis of hysteria, returning to a normal level due to the category of this energy, which is catharsis. Being a brilliant connoisseur of the structure of the nervous system, its cells and fibers, which for years have studied with the help of a scalpel and a microscope, Freud made a brave attempt to sketch the theoretical scheme of the processes occurring in the nervous system, when its energy does not find a normal exit, but is discharged on the tracks leading to a violation of the organs of vision, hearing, muscle apparatus and other symptoms diseases.

Records with the presentation of this scheme, which already received a high rating of physiologists in our time, have been preserved. But Freud experienced extreme dissatisfaction with his project, he is known as a "project of scientific psychology." Freud soon parted with him and the physiology, which he gave years of hard work. This did not mean at all that since then he considered the appeal to physiology meaningless.

On the contrary, Freud believed that over time, knowledge about the nervous system would step so far that a worthy physiological equivalent would be found for his psychoanalytic representations. But the modern physiology, as his painful thoughts on the "project of scientific psychology" showed, did not have to count on. Continuing the practice of the psychotherapist, Freud turned from individual behavior to the social.

In monuments of culture of myths, customs, art, literature, etc. Following the trends in the biologization of the human psyche, Freud extended the so -called biogenetic law to the explanation of its development. According to this law, the individual development of the body ontogenesis in a brief and compressed form repeats the main stages of development of the entire type of phylogenesis.

In relation to the child, this meant that, moving from one age to another, he follows the main stages that the human race has passed in its history. Guided by this version, Freud argued that the core of the unconscious psyche of a modern child is formed from the ancient heritage of mankind. In the fantasies of the child and his drives, the unbridled instincts of our wild ancestors are reproduced.

Freud did not have any objective data speaking in favor of this scheme. She was purely speculative, speculative. Modern child psychology, having a huge experimentally proven material about the evolution of the child’s behavior, completely rejects this scheme. A thoroughly carried out comparison of the cultures of many peoples clearly speaks against her. It did not discover those complexes that, according to Freud, how the curse hang over the whole human race and doomes to the neurosis of every mortal.

Freud hoped that, drawing information about sexual complexes not in the reactions of his patients, but in cultural monuments, he would give his schemes universality and condensing persuasiveness.