Biography with Polotsk

Image Imion Polotsk - the great Belarusian Enlightener Simeon Polotsk is one of the outstanding figures of not only Belarusian and Russian, but also, moreover, Slavic culture as a whole. He went down in history as a monk, a social and church figure, the theologian, the teacher and educator, the poet and writer. In the versatility of their interests and activities, it was close to the figures of the Renaissance.

Simeon Polotsk or Samuel Gavrilovich is also called another middle name-Emelyanovich Petrovsky-Snyanovich was born in Polotsk in the year. He owes his “double” patronymic and double surname to the father, whose name was Gabriel Sitnanovich, and his stepfather - Emellyan Petrovsky. In the year, he graduated from the Kiev-Mogilyansk College-then the largest Orthodox center of the Higher Humanitarian and Theological Education, and in the year the Vilnius Jesuit Academy.

Returning to Polotsk, in June, later, already in Moscow, the nickname Polotsky was added to the name of Simeon - in his native city. The efforts of Simeon Polotsk in the Polotsk fraternal school were significantly expanded by the training program: in addition to the Belarusian language, Russian and Polish were included in the Belarusian language, more attention was paid to grammar, rhetoric and poetry were mastered.

Even then, he proved himself as a European -educated person with encyclopedic knowledge. During this period, there was a war of Russia with Poland. Simeon Polotsky was on the side of Russia, sympathized with Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. When Russian troops captured by Polotsk, he brought his welcoming congratulation “meters” to the king. In the year, together with the students of his fraternal school, Simeon Polotsky leaves for several months to Moscow, where he managed to visit the royal palace in the Kremlin and read his poems to the highest family.

In the year, he forever moved to Moscow, settled in the Spassky Monastery and received the place of the teacher of the Latin language in the monastery school. Simeon Polotsky brought with him the fruits of European scholarship - the excellent knowledge of the languages ​​of Latin, Polish, Belarusian, Ukrainian, as well as “seven free sciences” - grammar, rhetoric, dialectics, arithmetic, geometry, astrology, music.

Soon, by decree of Alexei Mikhailovich, wooden mansions were built at the School of the Spassky Monastery, where young clerks of the order of secret affairs were sent to study at Simeon. The main goal of classes at school was to teach the Latin language - then the language of diplomacy - young government officials, including Sylvester Medvedev, who subsequently continued the theological and creative line of the teacher.

At the beginning of G., Simeon brought Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich "On the newly given son, Sovereign Tsarevich and Grand Duke Simeon Alekseevich, Blash." Compiled by verses, this "beneficence" was favorably accepted by the king. After some time, Simeon Polotsky said to the tsar about the need to “claim wisdom”, that is, to increase the level of education in the Moscow state. Simeon Polotsky enjoyed the patronage of Paisius Ligarid, the bishop of the Jerusalem Church, the Orthodox Metropolitan of Gaza, an active participant in the church and political struggle in the Moscow state in X, was his translator.

Paisius Ligarid was very influential among the ruling individuals of Russia. This circumstance revealed to Simeon access to the court. At the court of Alexei Mikhailovich Simeon Polotski, he received recognition as the wisest “philosopher”, “vitia” and “PIT”, he took part in matters of state importance, in particular, in the work of the church cathedral - gg. On the basis of the materials and decisions of the Council of Simeon, the book “The Board of the Board of the Board of the Mental Herd of the Orthodox-Russian Church, was the statement of the approval of the fluctuating in faith,-punishment in the punishment of frustrated sheep-execution to the defeat of cruel and predatory wolves, at the herd of Christ’s attackers, is briefly referred to as the“ rod of the rule ”, published by the press courtyard in the city The cathedral responded about the work of Simeon of Polotsk with a high praise, recognizing the "rod of the reign" "from the pure silver of the word of the word, and from the sacred scriptures and the right granular of the constructed." The broad education of Simeon, his literary talents prompted Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich to invite him to the city when he was to choose a mentor for the young prince Peter Alekseevich, the future Peter the Great, he was instructed to perform Dyak Nikita Zotov for this role.

An invitation to the court as a home teacher of tsarist children finally strengthened the position of Simeon in court circles. He becomes one of the most influential people at the court of Alexei Mikhailovich, and after his death and at the court of his student Tsar Fedor Alekseevich. For royal children, Simeon Polotsk wrote several works: “Helicopter multi -color” collection of poems, intended to serve as a “book for reading”, “Life and teaching of Christ and our God”, “Book of brief questions and catechesical answers” ​​and a number of others.

He also made up the tsar’s speeches, wrote solemn ads, and translated the polemic treatises of Paisius Ligarid.Being his views, Simeon Polotsky always attached great importance to the development of education in Russia. When a plan for organizing the first higher educational institution arose in Moscow, he took an active part in the formation of the “privilege of the Academy”, finalized after the death of Simeon Polotsky by his student Sylvester Medvedev.

According to the project of Simeon Polotsk, four languages ​​should have been studied at the Academy: Slavic, Greek, Latin and Polish. In the year, already 7 years after his death, the first higher educational institution in Russia was opened in Moscow under the name of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. In the year, taking advantage of the patronage of Tsar Fedor, Simeon Polotsky opened a printing house in the Kremlin, where he published his works and other authors, attracting to the design of the books of the court artist Simon Ushakov and the engraver of the arms chamber Athanasius Trukhmensky.

Simeon published in the printing house “The Primer of the Language of Slavic”, “The Testament of Vasily, the King of Greek, the son of Leo”, “The story of Varlaam and Joasafa” of one of the main in his activities, Simeon Polotsk considered preaching. He wrote more sermons that compiled the collections “Soul Office” in the First, several sermons for Sunday days were placed in the first, and in the second - on the holidays of the Lord, Mother of God and saints, as well as, in the form of an increase, preaching in special occasions: for burial, against superstition, about the listening of the liturgy, and the style of the wisdom, etc.

Polotsk is quite simple, alien to pretentiousness. Speech constructs are natural and selective. The thought of each teaching is expressed definitely, there are neither aimless retreats to the side, nor artificial applications. Dry abstraction, especially difficult for understanding by ear, Polotsk prefers descriptions and stories that clearly provide an idea and report on the sermons of artistic visualization.

A talented preacher, a scientist of a polemicist and theologian, a translator and teacher, Simeon Polotsky went down in history and as a writer, playwright, poet, founder of Russian syllabic poetry. The composition of the poems was one of his favorite classes. He wrote poetry quickly and, apparently, always with great hobby. The poetic inheritance of Simeon Polotsk is huge. The total number of poetic lines written by him over all the years of his literary activity reaches fifty thousand.

No, it seems, the genre in which Simeon Polotsk would not try to write a poem. Shortly before their death, both collections in the city are of primary interest for the characterization of Simeon Polotsk as a poet. Simeon Polotsk and dramatic works wrote. His first experiments in this genre relate to the time when he was a teacher of the “fraternal” school in Polotsk.

For students of this school, near G., later in Moscow, new works appeared in Moscow. From this time, two of his plays in verses reached us: “The comedy about the Navchodonosor Tsar, about the body of Zlata and about the triach of the spur in the cave not burned” and “The comedy of the parables about the prodigal son”, as well as more than twenty so -called “recitation”.

Simeon Polotsky died in the city as a sign of the gratitude of the Belarusian people to his outstanding countryman - theologian and enlightener - in the year in Polotsk a monument was erected by Simeon Polotsk sculptor A.